During which period of pregnancy may drug exposure cause meromelia, cleft lip, and enamel hypoplasia?

Meromelia(Malformed limbs): The critical period is 20-36 days after fertilization or the first trimester when the organs are just beginning to develop. Drugs such as thialides should be avoided.

Cleft Lip with/without Cleft Palate: Usage of drugs such as topiramate and valproic acid, during the first 3 months of gestation increases the risk of having a baby with this defect.

Enamel Hypoplasia(teeth enamel is hard but thin): The use of tetracyclines can cause this, as well as  yellow-to-brownish discoloration of the teeth. It is important to avoid such drugs during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters.

1.the evidene of the reaction

2.yes

3.yes

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