If active transport establishes a concentration gradient with the use of atp, then the concentration gradient can be looked at as

potential energy that can be harnessed when molecules passively diffuse down the concentration gradient. If sodium ions are outside of a cell, they will tend to move into the cell based on both ... The combination of concentration gradient and voltage that affects an ion's ... Primary active transport directly uses a source of chemical energy (e.g., ATP)

The answer will be d

It allows water to resist freezing and thawing cycle.