Absorption of minerals can be limited by each of the following factors except:
a. physiological need
b. presence of competing minerals
c. presence of hypertension or osteoporosis
d. presence of fiber

C. presence of hypertension or osteoporosis

Hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases are described to be correlated with osteoporosis. In hypertension victims, excess urinary calcium excretion produces subsequent parathyroidism to improve serum calcium level by calcium which is discharge from bone, may stimulate osteoporosis. The majority of women with hypertension, osteoporosis, and both diseases significantly raised across lowering quartiles of dairy consumption which also limit their power of absorption of minerals.

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