Explain how phylogeny, classification, taxonomy, and binomial nomenclature are all related.

Taxonomy is the study of the classification of organisms. Taxonomists study the characteristics of organisms in order to classify them into the appropriate taxonomic groups, such as kingdom, phylum, class, etc.
Binomial nomenclature is a system of naming a species using two names, the genus and the species (and sometimes subspecies), which make up the scientific name of a species. Examples include Panthera tigris for the tiger, and Canis lupus for the gray wolf.
Phylogeny, or phylogenetics, is the study of the evolutionary development of organisms and relationships between them. Phylogeny is a useful tool for taxonomists.

Well, both latitude and intensity of light affect temperature because, the higher the light intensity, the higher the temperature and since latitude is the measure of how close you are to the equator, then the closer to the equator you are, the higher the temperature is.