In a cladogram, clades are groups of related organisms. In the past, phylogeneticists built clades using the idea of parsimony, that the pattern that uses the fewest evolutionary changes is the most likely to be correct. Today, with the use of computers and DNA sequences, the explanation that is thought to be the best is

ocean expansion, global warming is melting icebergs and causing water levels to rise.

this protocol provides a detailed procedure for co-immunoprecipitation (co-ip) to identify protein–protein interactions.

kelp are large brown algae that live in cool, relatively shallow waters close to the shore. they grow in dense groupings much like a forest on land. these underwater towers of kelp provide food and shelter for thousands of fish, invertebrates, and marine mammal species.

e) all of the above