Mendel's laws would apply to both genes and chromosomes because.

the principles and empirical processes of discovery and demonstration considered characteristic of or necessary for scientific investigation, generally involving the observation of phenomena, the formulation of a hypothesis concerning the phenomena, experimentation to test the hypothesis, and development of a conclusion that confirms, rejects, or modifies the hypothesis.

geologic time scale (for gradpoint) =)

answer; the male's sperm cells have mitochondria, but because the sperm contributes dna but no cytoplasm, no mitochondria are passed to the egg at ferilization;