The formation of new breeds of dogs is an example of a allopatric speciation.
b artificial selection.
C natural selection.
d sympatric speciation.

c

explanation:

many phylogenetic trees have a single lineage at the base representing a common ancestor. a lineage that evolved early from the root and remains unbranched is called basal taxon. when two lineages stem from the same branch point, they are called sister taxa.

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explanation:

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a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.