Because the cuticle impedes the diffusion of gases through the body surface, arthropods possess special organs that permit gas exchange. In aquatic arthropods, these consist of feathery that have an extensive surface area in contact with the surrounding water. Terrestrial species have a highly developed system of .

Gene flow and genetic drift both affect allele frequencies in a population. a high level of gene flow into a population genetic diversity in a population. a high level of gene flow out of a population genetic diversity in a population. genetic drift is the change in allele frequencies due to factors. typically, genetic drift has the biggest impact on populations.