Calculating the Growth Rate The growth rate of a population can be measured with an equation that takes into
account the four factors that affect population size:
r = (b + 1)-(due)
In this equation, r = population growth rate, b = birth rate, i = immigration rate,
d=death rate, and e = emigration rate. We can apply the four factors to our locker
ecosystem example. A small population of fruit flies immigrated into the locker in
search of food. The population increased due to the birth of a new group of fruit flies.
Those flies that did not die when you swatted them in surprise emigrated from the
locker when you threw the apple away.
As part of a long-term elephant study, biologists counted individuals in a population
of elephants each spring. In one year, there were 18 males and 34 females. Over the
following year, each female gave birth, from which 28 offspring survived. Predators
killed 9 elephants. A construction project cleared 50 acres of nearby forested land,
causing 5 males and 19 females to immigrate into the study area. Competition for
females increased, resulting in the emigration of 10 males to a new territory in search
of mates
SOLVE Find the growth rate of this population. Show your work
elephants per year

A. mitochondrion b. nucleus

Environmental science studies the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment, including their effects on all types of organisms. earth science (also known as geoscience), is an inclusive term for all sciences related to earth (geology, meteorology, oceanogr maphy, etc).  although environmental and earth science cover essentially the same material, environmental science places greater emphasis on the biological realm, while earth science places greater emphasis on the physical realm.    environmental and earth science study the interactions of four major systems or “spheres” (figure 8.6).  the  geosphere  consists of the core, mantle and crust of the earth.the  atmosphere  contains all of the earth’s air and is divided into troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and ionosphere.the  hydrosphere  contains all of the solid, liquid and gaseous water on earth, extending from the depths of the sea to the upper reaches of the troposphere where water is found.  ninety-seven percent of the hydrosphere is found in salty oceans, and the remainder is found as vapor or droplets in the atmosphere and as liquid in ground water, lakes, rivers, glaciers and snowfields.  the  biosphere  is the collection of all earth’s life forms, distributed in major life zones known as biomes:   tundra, boreal forest, temperate deciduous forest, temperate grassland, desert, savannah, tropical rainforest, chaparral, freshwater, and marine.although the four systems have their unique identities, there is substantial interaction between them.  environmental scientists study the effects of events in one sphere on the other spheres. for example, a volcanic eruption in the geosphere may cause profound direct and indirect effects on the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere as follows: example 1 (volcano)    on may 18, 1980, mount saint helens, in the state of washington, erupted.  this event altered the surrounding environment, and provided scientists with an opportunity to study the effects of volcanic eruptions on the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.  such studies are vital because volcanic eruptions will continue to occur, and will have increasing impact on humans as people continue to settle lands closer to dormant volcanoes. the following are but a few of the myriad of interactions resulting from a volcanic 

Processes above and be sure to mention the movement of electrons and energy as the carbon atom moves from one reaction to another.