You discover a metabolic poison called PSN1 that kills insects, and decide to test whether this poison affects the electron transport chain. In the mitochondria of insects treated with PSN1, most molecules of cytochrome c and complex IV are oxidized, while most of complex III and coenzyme Q are reduced. Oxygen consumption in such mitochondria is decreased dramatically. Which of the following is the best possible explanation for the activity of PSN1? a. PSN1 is an ETC decoupler, permitting hydrogen ions to pass through the membrane.
b. PSN1 is a molecular mimic of oxygen, competing for the active site of complex IV.
c. PSN1 irreversibly binds to coenzyme Q, preventing its oxidation.
d. PSN1 is an inhibitor of cytochrome c, preventing its reduction.

interphase

the period of cell growth when the cell synthesizes new molecules and organelles. the cell is not dividing and it constitutes the majority of the time spent in the cell cycle

prophase

changes occur in the nucleus and cytoplasm. the chromatin condenses to form structures (sister chromatids) visible with a light microscope and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleus is still in tact

prometaphase

the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids

metaphase

all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle

anaphase

begins when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell

telophase

the daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell

cytokinesis

the division of a cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. usually occurs during telophase during mitosis. this and mitosis make up to mitotic (m) phase of the cell cycle

the sun's light combined with the visible wavelenghts form what is called ultraviolet radiation, which are the long waves at the end of a visible light sprectrum.

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