12. Cows digest proteins into smaller molecules called peptides through the use of an enzyme called pepsin. Aqueous solutions taken from the contents of a cow's stomach are found to have many more hydrogen ions
(H+) than hydroxide ions (OH-). A veterinarian is attempting to conduct an experiment that mimics protein
digestion and has the following four test tubes set up. Which would you expect to have the greatest
concentration of peptides?
(A) Test tube 1: protein and pepsin in water at pH 1.4
(B) Test tube 2: protein and pepsin in water at pH 8.2
(C) Test tube 3: protein in water at pH 7.6
(D) Test tube 4: pepsin in water at pH 1.7

they each offer a fresh glut of resources to the organisms that can arrive and exploit them. as individuals and new species continue to appear, they actively and passively alter the environment. competition for shared resources increases, local abiotic and biotic conditions shift, and the relative abundances of species change accordingly. the process is called ecological succession, and it is one of the earliest and most well-known concepts in ecology.

answer: - b cells

explanation: -

so, the b cells mediate their action by identifying the antigens present on the surface of the pathogens and then producing antibodies in return to mediate its effect.

the answer is c. it will give up it's valence electron to the other atom.