A particular pea plant has one allele for a tall stem (T) and one allele for a short stem (t). By observing it, you can see that it has a tall stem as well as many other different traits. Using this example, explain the difference between phenotype and genotype. Which one can be observed? Which one helps to determine the other?

phenotype is the physical make up of an organism. it is controlled by alleles found in the cells of an organism. dominant alleles overshadow the recessive alleles. the allele for tallness for example, is dominant to that for shortness. since alleles occur in pairs, this plant which is tall can either be genotype TT or Tt , two dominant alleles or one dominant allele and the recessive allele which overpowers the recessive allele hence making the plant appear tall. genotype is the genetic make up of an organism. this determines how an organism appears to look externally.

hence genotype determines phenotype.

cells use diffusion to get substances in and out of themselves. that diffusion will occur across the cell membrane or the outer covering of the cell. because we are talking about the surface of the cell, surface area and volume are  important factors here. as a cell increases in size, its surface area and volume increase as well.  we call that the surface area to volume ratio (sa: vol).  but the catch is that  volume increases at a greater rate than surface  area. in other words, as a cell gets bigger, the sa: vol gets smaller. so a really small cell like bacteria is mostly cell membrane (surface) with very little contents (volume). a really big cell like an egg, is mostly insides with a super thin membrane. so what ends up happening is that the cell cannot efficiently diffuse all of the stuff it needs in/out to survive. therefore cell size is limited to about 100mm. so how do we make organisms bigger than 100mm? cells divide! by dividing and becoming multicellular, organisms are able to grow!   check out the diagrams i attached to see the effect of sa: vol. i hope this ! good luck!

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