Fire suppression has been an official management policy in a variety of Northern Ghana ecosystems. Discuss examples of how this has impacted community composition. Describe how these examples are either consistent or inconsistent with the predictions of the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis. Be sure to take into account various aspects of the disturbance regime (e. G. Frequency and intensity).

The answer to these questions are the following:  

1. It has been suggested that fire suppression management might increase the area affected by increasing the frequency of high-severity fires in the Idaho-Montana Rockies (USA) and in the chaparral vegetation of California

2. Fire suppression>> alteration of composition, distribution, and density of species

3. Data are consistent with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis  

Fire suppression management is a strategy focused on trying to stop wildfires. The fire suppression management strategy has recently been criticized for accumulating dead biomass in fire-prone ecosystems, thereby leading to high intensity and high severity fires when these areas do burn with wildfire. It has been shown that fire suppression may negatively alter the composition, distribution, and density of species (both animals and plants), especially in ecosystems having high-frequency and low-intensity fires.  

In the Idaho-Montana Rockies (USA), it has been shown that high-severity fires increased their frequency in the period from 1975 to 2012 than in the period from 1935 to 1974, when the fire suppression management strategy coincided simultaneously with cooler and moister conditions that were conducive to them.

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis states that species diversity is maximized at intermediate-scale disturbances. There are many ecologists that disagree with this hypothesis, indicating that the association between ecological disturbance and species diversity does not follow a unimodal distribution. In the example of the Idaho-Montana Rockies, data are consistent with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis because the intermediate disturbance hypothesis indicates that species diversity is highest in areas that have had an intermediate frequency and scale of disturbances (i.e., a fire suppression strategy might decrease the frequency of wildfires but it increases the risk of high severity fires).

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question#1

ans:

cell is the basic unit of organization of all living things. cells are often called the building block of life and it is the smallest unit of life. the study of cell is called cell biology. cell consists of cytoplasm enclosed within membrane, which contain bio-molecules such as proteins and nucleic acid.

two third of cell is water, which means that two-third of your whole body is water. the rest is the mixture of molecules, mainly proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.

question#2

ans:

organ:

an organ is a group of tissues specialized to form a functional unit. an example is the heart in animals.

organ system:

an organ system is a group of several organs whose functions are synchronized to release an effective action in a living organism. an example is digestive system.

question#3

different systems perform different function at tissue level. for example, the respiratory system facilitates breathing. in the alveoli tissue of the lungs, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the air and the bloodstream occurs by passive transport, so that oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide and water are removed. different systems of the body carry out different functions. for example, your digestive system is responsible for taking in and processing food, while your respiratory system working with your circulatory system is responsible for taking up oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide.

question#4

different systems perform different function at tissue level. for example, the respiratory system facilitates breathing. in the alveoli tissue of the lungs, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the air and the bloodstream occurs by passive transport, so that oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide and water are removed. different systems of the body carry out different functions. for example, your digestive system is responsible for taking in and processing food, while your respiratory system—working with your circulatory system is responsible for taking up oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide.

question#5

our body works because of the interactions that happen between organs and organ systems.  

for example:  

the heart to regulate blood flow throughout the body. the blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries carbon dioxide and waste away from the cells. body systems work together in maintaining a constant internal environment. when this balance is disrupted, the body systems may not function properly, and human health can suffer.   you start to feel bad.