A. the influence of environment on the expression of a particular genotype. B. the expression of a dominant phenotype in a heterozygote. C. the expression of one gene masking the effects of another gene. D. quantitative traits that diminish or intensify a particular phenotype. E. the increased expression of a particular trait when a hybrid species is formed.

The question is incomplete, the complete question is;

Penetrance and expressivity are related to

A.the expression of a dominant phenotype in a heterozygote.

B.the increased expression of a particular trait when a hybrid species is formed.

C.the expression of one gene masking the effects of another gene.

D.quantitative traits that diminish or intensify a particular phenotype.

E.the influence of environment on the expression of a particular genotype.

the influence of environment on the expression of a particular genotype.

Explanation:

In genetics, we define penetrance as the proportion of individuals in a given population carrying a particular gene/allele which leads to the expression of the particular trait associated with that gene/allele.

Expressivity is defined as the degree of expression of a given phenotype  by individuals who possess a particular genotype. Expressivity shows the extent of variation in expression of genes by individuals having a particular genotype.

Both penetrance and expressivity has to do with the influence of environment on the expression of a particular genotype.

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it provides an alternative energy pathway for the reaction to proceed.

a catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but is not consumed during the course of the reaction.

catalysts increase the rate of reaction without being used up. they do this by lowering the activation energy needed. with a catalyst, more collisions result in a reaction, so the rate of reaction increases. different reactions need different catalysts.

a catalyst works by providing an alternative reaction pathway to the reaction product. the rate of the reaction is increased as this alternative route has a lower activation energy than the reaction route not mediated by the catalyst.