Cytokines mediate a variety of processes in the immune system, for example, encourages inflammatory responses and suppresses the actions of immune cells.

TNF-β; IL-10

Explanation:

Cytokines are a broad group of small proteins that have different roles in cell signaling. These proteins (cytokines) are secreted by specific cells of the immune system and synchronize immune system responses. Tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β) is a mediator of inflammatory and immune responses secreted by activated T and B cells, which is inhibited by interleukin-10 (IL-10). Moreover, L-10 is a cytokine produced by different immune cells (e.g., T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, etc) that acts to suppress immune responses and regulate T helper cell responses, which are essential to orchestrate defensive mechanisms and thus control infections.

the sugar-phosphate backbone forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including dna and rna. this backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, and defines directionality of the molecule.