What are the applications of IGF1R Gene Editing? IGF1R is a hetero-tetrameric protein with two identical extracellular α-subunits and two transmembrane β-subunits. The extracellular domain contains a cysteine-rich IGF-binding site. The transmembrane domain contains tyrosine kinase activity which depends on an ATP-binding site (lys1003) and a cluster of three tyrosine residues at positions 1131, 1135, and 1136. Activation of IGF1R initiates a cascade of downstream signaling pathways

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IGF1R gene editing can be used to create knock-out and knock-in cell lines and thus understand the function of IGF1R signaling pathways in different cell types  

Explanation:

In a gene knock-out strategy, a gene is targeted and inactivated (i.e., knocked out), while a knock-in strategy refers to the insertion of a gene (in this case IGF1R) into a specific locus, creating a targeted insertion that can then be used as a disease model. The Insulin-like Growth Factor Receptor (IGF1R), is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor activated by the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). IGF1R plays critical roles in critical signaling pathways, including, among others, cell-type specification, cell proliferation, cell growth, etc. In consequence, CRISPR-edited cell lines can be very useful to understand IGF1R pathways, especially to understand how this receptor regulates downstream molecular cascades. The CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system has been used to generate customized IGF1R knock-out and knock-in cell lines that allow the study of altered IGF1R signaling pathways associated with disease states.

d

explanation:

a. the production of carbon dioxide through the process of photosynthesis