Which of the following best explains how subsoil becomes rich in minerals? A.
Volcanic activity heats the rock fragments in the subsoil and releases minerals.
B.
Minerals from the topsoil leach down into the subsoil.
C.
Groundwater flows through the subsoil and deposits minerals.
D.
The bedrock below the subsoil is broken down into smaller particles.

Volcanic activity heats the rock fragments in the subsoil and releases minerals.

Explanation:

Minerals from the topsoil leach down into the subsoil. Volcanic activity heats the rock fragments in the subsoil and releases minerals. Groundwater flows through the subsoil and deposits minerals. The bedrock below the subsoil is broken down into smaller particles.

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.

the solute can move "downhill," from regions of higher to lower concentration, relying on the specificity of the protein carrier to pass through the membrane. this process is called passive transport or facilitated diffusion, and does not require energy.