On the planet, PSEG, Rhinoceros Beetles are chosen for leadership positions in government based on their ability to sing Beetle songs. Most Beetles cannot sing at all (wild-type). A single autosomal gene, FRANK, with alleles F(dominant) and f (wild-type) determines whether the individual beetles have this singing phenotype. In a cross between two singing Rhinoceros Beetles, a large F1 progeny is generated. The ratio of singing Beetles to non-singing Beetles in this progeny is 2:1, irrespective of gender. The most likely mode of inheritance for the singing phenotype is:

both anaerobic and aerobic respiration use glucose (or other carbohydrates), proteins and lipids to produce atp and nadh. cell uses those energy molecules, obtained from food and   breaks them down during the chemical reactions of respiration. in anaerobic respiration, nadh is regenerated to nad+ by enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (lactate is produced, e.g. in muscle cells) or by alcohol dehydrogenase where ethanol is produced (alcohol fermentation), while in aerobic respiration, electrons from nadh are deposited in the mitochondria to regenerate nad+ (electron transport chain. anaerobic respiration produces 2 atp per molecule of glucose compared to aerobic respiration where about 38 atp molecules are produced.

geologic time scale (for gradpoint) =)