1- The two strands of the DNA double helix are held together by bonds between base pairs. I 2- DNA replication, each strand of DNA serves as a for a newly synthesized strand of DNA.
3- In gene expression, DNA is used as a template to make , which is then used as a template to make a polypeptide.
4- In the process of , DNA can be rearranged, which contributes to the genetic diversity of the species.
5- What are the differences between the structures of DNA and RNA?
6- How can the central dogma help us understand the process by which DNA is turned into protein? What are the two steps involved in the process of gene expression?
7- Why are replication and recombination two important roles of DNA?

Astudy by solloch and et. al., in 2017, gives the map above which shows the frequency of alleles with a ccr5-delta32 mutations over 87 different countries. this mutation deletes the presence of a co-receptor (ccr5) on the outside of human t-cells (lymphocytes). some viruses, such as the one responsible for the black death and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), require this receptor for attachment to host cells during the infection process. the black death was an epidemic that passed over northern europe during the 14th century killing nearly 60% of europeans. according to this information, which explanation best explains why northern europeans show a greater immunity for hiv than some other parts of the world?

What changes the stability of the element

Dna, in the nucleus carries the genetic code for making proteins in ribosomes. in the diagram, b, represents the proteins produced. dna cannot leave the nucleus to carry the genetic information to the ribosome where proteins are produced. how does the genetic code get from the nucleus to the ribosome? what does a represent? now