When thinking about genotypes and phenotypes, which is the cause and which is the effect?

A particular genotype does not necessarily guarantee a particular phenotype. Understanding what factors can change this expression is quite complex.. What is what i believe that above statement meant.

Explanation:

Error is the stochastic variation associated with a particular observation of the phenotype (and is managed by use of replication and and appropriate experimental design). The phenotype is the result not only of the average effect of the different alleles at a given locus across test units and across environments, but is impacted by the interaction between the different alleles and the environments (including genetic backgrounds) in which they are evaluated. Phenotype is not simply the sum of the genotype effect and the environment effect, as indicated in the mathematical formula that you provide.

Hope I Helped!!!

when the displaced particles are perpendicular to the direction the wave travels, is called a transverse wave, whereas in longitudinal wave the displace practices are parallel to the direction of the wave.

in the given image:

first image shows - longitudinal wave

second image shows - transverse wave

third image shows - longitudinal wave

fourth image shows - longitudinal wave

whats the answer to your question?