Mendel studied "factors" that allowed for physical characteristics, which can have alternate versions, to be passed onto offspring. what are these factors called?
plants
traits
alleles
phenotypes

The correct answer would be alleles.

The things which were called as factors by Mendel are known as alleles these days.

Alleles refer to the alternative form of a gene. Diploid organisms carry two copies of the same, one received from mother and another received from the father.

The two copies can either be the same such as in homozygous condition or they can be different such as in heterozygous condition.

The alleles determine the trait or phenotype of the character in an individual.

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