When can primary succession occur?
a. after a glacier forms, a volcano erupts, or when a strip mine is productive
b. after a glacier receded, a volcano forms, or when a strip mine is abandoned
c. after a glacier recedes, a volcano erupts, or a strip mine is abandoned
d. after a glacier recedes, a volcano forms or a strip mine is productive

      The right answer to this question is option C. after a glacier recedes, a volcano erupts, or a strip mine is abandoned

Explanation:

      The reason for that is that a primary succession will occur when there are no human activity present, and on that way, nature can act and transform the place in a productive thing. For example, after a volcano erupts, there are no things alive on the surface anymore besides birds that will run away, and after some time, nature will absorve this energy and then a brand new ecosystem will be started at this point, and this can be called primary succession.

igneous rocks which formed by the crystallization of magma at the surface of the earth called extrusive rocks. they are characterized by fine-grained textures because the rapid cooling at or near the surface did not provide enough time for large crystals to grow.