What is the proton gradient used for in photosynthesis?

The energy of the electrons in NADPH are not sufficient for anabolic reactions such as CO2 fixation. These processes also require biochemical energy in the form of ATP. The process of photosynthetic electron transfer also generates a gradient of protons (H+) across the photosynthetic membrane (Figure: Proton Gradient).

Hydrosphere is the correct answer

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