Which of the following is required for canonical regulated protein defeatism a) e1 ubiquitin ligase
b) proteasome
c) e2 ubiquitin ligase
d) e3 ubiquitin ligament
e) ubiquitin

the solute can move "downhill," from regions of higher to lower concentration, relying on the specificity of the protein carrier to pass through the membrane. this process is called passive transport or facilitated diffusion, and does not require energy.

the last one: artificial selection/genetic engineering

plant breeding is modifying the genetic composition of the plant - but this isn't cloning (which is specifically introducing a gene into a genome). but you are artificially selecting for the phenotype that you want.

the second one is literally genetic engineering - the gene would have been cloned first and then inserted or genetically engineered into the new plant cell (the cotton).

i'd have to say the answer is probable the second option "the geosphere interacting with the atmosphere"