Describe how the body responds to different types of medicine.

The body reacts to the drugs by transforming them in the liver to eliminate them, through the process of biotransformation.

The term "biotransformation" refers to the various chemical changes that drugs undergo in the body to give rise to metabolites. The biotransformations are mainly carried out by enzymatic reaction. A drug can undergo several biotransformations resulting in the formation of several metabolites.

The main function of biotransformations is to make water-soluble lipophilic molecules to promote the elimination of the body: indeed, the lipophilic molecules pass the membranes during the absorption and distribution phases, but conversely their liposolubility does not allow their renal elimination in unchanged form. They will either be excreted directly via the bile ducts or biotransformed before renal or biliary excretion. Some drugs do not undergo biotransformations: they are said to be eliminated from the body in unchanged form.

In general, biotransformations are defense reactions of the body that lead to less toxic and less active molecules than the parent molecule. Nevertheless, the metabolites may also be more active or more toxic than the drug administered. When the active ingredient is inactive and its metabolite is active, the drug is called "prodrug". For example, valganciclovir is a prodrug of ganciclovir.

The biotransformations of the drugs are essentially hepatic and intestinal even if there is also a pulmonary, renal or plasma metabolism. There are two types of biotransformations, classified in Phase I and Phase II (functionalization reaction and conjugation reaction).

In general, all ingested, inhaled, injected medications will be filtrated by the liver, kidneys and then expelled, once they're inactive. Some examples of medications: -Antibiotics aid the immune system in attacking the specific bacteria cells; -Vaccines imitate the presence of infection, making the body develop their respective antibodies, T-lymphocytes (raising immunity)as well as possible side effects, such as low grade fever, soreness, headaches, or rare allergic reactions; -Painrelievers, anthistamines enter the bloodstream once they're digested in the stomach; they are actually distributed in the whole body. Once cells encounter these chemicals, they'll stop releasing prostaglandin (which sent to the nervous system, makes people feel the sensation of located pain). -Asthma inhaled steroids /anti-inflammatory drugs help the body gather better respiratory control, as they act on the mucus and inflammation reduction of the airways.

Explanation:

fertilization, pictured in figure 24.23a is the process in which gametes (an egg and sperm) fuse to form a zygote. the egg and sperm each contain one set of chromosomes. to ensure that the offspring has only one complete diploid set of chromosomes, only one sperm must fuse with one egg. in mammals, the egg is protected by a layer of extracellular matrix consisting mainly of glycoproteins called the zona pellucida. when a sperm binds to the zona pellucida, a series of biochemical events, called the acrosomal reactions, take place. in placental mammals, the acrosome contains digestive enzymes that initiate the degradation of the glycoprotein matrix protecting the egg and allowing the sperm plasma membrane to fuse with the egg plasma membrane, as illustrated in figure 24.23b. the fusion of these two membranes creates an opening through which the sperm nucleus is transferred into the ovum. the nuclear membranes of the egg and sperm break down and the two haploid genomes condense to form a diploid genome.

explanation:

the denominator has a very specific role.