How did these scientists' findings and publications relate to the commonly held beliefs of the day?

ernst mayr
stephen gould
herbert spencer
thomas huxley

Thomas huxley = his findings made the theory of evolutions became widely accepted
Ernst Mayr  = the one who proposed Biological species concept
Herbert spencer = found similarities between societies within humans and animal
Stephen Gould = the one who contributed to the study of fossils

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What’s the

Balkan nationalism increased tensions between austria and russia