Short antennae is considered a convergent trait across the several beetle lineages that evolved aquatic lifestyles independently. Researchers propose that short antennae reduce drag during swimming, which explains why this adaptive trait has evolved multiple times, associated with transitions to aquatic lifestyles. However, simply comparing average antennal lengths (relative to body size) across species is not enough to test the hypothesis that this trait is an adaptation to aquatic lifestyles since aquatic beetle species are not independent observations. A) Explain why aquatic beetle species are not independent observations. (2 pts) B) Propose an approach to test the hypothesis that having short antennae is an adaptation to aquatic lifestyles across beetle species.

interphase

the period of cell growth when the cell synthesizes new molecules and organelles. the cell is not dividing and it constitutes the majority of the time spent in the cell cycle

prophase

changes occur in the nucleus and cytoplasm. the chromatin condenses to form structures (sister chromatids) visible with a light microscope and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleus is still in tact

prometaphase

the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids

metaphase

all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle

anaphase

begins when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell

telophase

the daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell

cytokinesis

the division of a cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. usually occurs during telophase during mitosis. this and mitosis make up to mitotic (m) phase of the cell cycle

the  different  of  these  two  are  that  they  differently  handle  their  team.

an  expressive  leader  focuses  on  the  task  at  hand  and  make  sures  that  their  goal  is  achieved.  they  accurately  finish  the  task.  an  instrumental  leader  on  the  other  hand  works  on  the  unity  of  the  group,  they  care  more  about  their  employees.  all  the  while  creating  a  good  environment.

the last one: artificial selection/genetic engineering

plant breeding is modifying the genetic composition of the plant - but this isn't cloning (which is specifically introducing a gene into a genome). but you are artificially selecting for the phenotype that you want.

the second one is literally genetic engineering - the gene would have been cloned first and then inserted or genetically engineered into the new plant cell (the cotton).

linnaeus is the father of taxonomy

explanation:

which is the system of classifying and naming organisms. one of his contributions was the development of a hierarchical system of classification of nature. today, this system includes eight taxa: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.