"What do the four genotypes inside the 4 boxes of a Punnett Square represent?

They represent the percent chance to inherit a type of genotype. Recessive alleles, dominant alleles, heterozygous have chances to appear based off the parent alleles.

you did not attach the discourse, but i assume it to be the discourse on the origin and basis of inequality among men (the original titile in french is: "discours sur l'origine et les fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes"), also know as "second discourse". in this discourse, jean-jacques rousseau emphasizes that private property is the basis of all inequalities.

therefore, what enabled the old regime to maintain as long as it did was private property.