How do bacteria cause illness?

Bacteria cause disease by secreting or excreting toxins, by producing toxins internally, which are released when the bacteria disintegrate , or by inducing sensitivity to their antigenic properties.

integrated circuit (ic) is defined as a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor material, normally silicon. a functional electronic circuit requires transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc., and the connections between them.

the diploid number of chromosomes is sometimes represented by the symbol 2n. for the fruit fly, the diploid number is 8, which can be written as 2n = 8, where n represents twice the number of chromosomes in a sperm or egg cell.