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1. nucleotide. 2. mutation. 3. C   4. A   5. B. 6. So, the three main structural differences between RNA and DNA are as follows: RNA is single-stranded while DNA is double-stranded. RNA contains uracil while DNA contains thymine. RNA has the sugar ribose while DNA has the sugar deoxyribose. 7. S phase, All these cells, the parent cell and the two new daughter cells, are genetically identical. DNA replication occurs during the S phase (the Synthesis phase) of the cell cycle, before mitosis and cell division. The base pairing rules are crucial for the process of replication. 8. The three types of RNA that are responsible for protein synthesis are the messenger RNA or mRNA, which is involved in the process of transcription wherein temporary copies of the necessary information in the genes are made; the ribosomal RNA or rRNA, that serve as protein-making structures which eventually becomes the . 9. Mutations can occur during DNA replication if errors are made and not corrected in time. Mutations can also occur as the result of exposure to environmental factors such as smoking, sunlight and radiation. Mutations arise spontaneously at low frequency owing to the chemical instability of purine and pyrimidine bases and to errors during DNA replication. Natural exposure of an organism to certain environmental factors, such as ultraviolet light and chemical carcinogens (e.g., aflatoxin B1), also can cause mutations. 10. T G A G G A C T T. 11. 20 amino acids. 12. The mutation is defined as the change in the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequences. The insertion mutation is a type of mutation, in which the insertion of the nucleotides takes place in the DNA sequences, resulting in an increase in the total number of base pairs in the DNA sequence. So, the insertion mutation has resulted in the increase in the base pairs in this case.  Mutation is generally defined as a sudden change to the DNA sequence of a cell. This change could be of difference forms, including:

Addition of bases

Deletion of bases

Substitution of bases

Addition of bases to a DNA will generally lead to a longer base pairs in the DNA, deletion will lead to a shorter base pairs while substitution will only lead to a change in the base sequence without any change in the length of the DNA.

  13. Replication is an essential process because, whenever a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must contain the same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell. ... Once the DNA in a cell is replicated, the cell can divide into two cells, each of which has an identical copy of the original DNA.

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