You want to determine whether short wings in fruit flies are the result of a dominant or recessive mutation. You cross a short-winged fly stock with a long-winged fly stock (which is considered to be wild type or / ). The progeny have a 1:1 ratio of short to long wings. You then allow the F1 short-winged flies to mate. The F2 progeny have a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 short to long wings. Short wings are likely the result of:

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).