Butterflies moved from mainland Australia to into the Indonesian archipelago. For almost every new island colonized, the butterflies adapted to the new environment. The colonists changed until they could not
reproduce with the original mainland species. This is an example of:
Adaptive radiation
Coevolution
Convergent evolution
Natural selection

adaptive radiation

Explanation:

Adaptive radiation: think of the finches, one species came to the galapagos islands and went to different islands with different things to eat. Overtime they evolved to become their own species

Coevolution: Think of two different species, wolf and a rabbit. The wolf affects the rabbit's evolution and the rabbit affects the wolf's evolution. The rabbit evolves to become faster which makes the population grow because the wolves cannot catch them. The wolves evolve to have long endurance so they can run after rabbits without getting tired, so then the population of rabbits rapidly decreases etc

Convergent evolution: these are analogous structures (have the same function but anatomically different, like whale, turtle and penguin fin/flippers) that seem similar like bat wings and bird wings but come from different origins. Bat wings came from flying mammals and bird wings came from ancestral flying birds.

Natural selection: think of the finches again but the environments, one island has large seeds while the island other one has thin seeds. Each bird that landed there survive and reproduced when they had thin beaks for thin seeds or big beaks for cracking big seeds shells.

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emerging idea only occurs as a raw idea that could appear out of nowhere. meanwhile, to reach scientific consensus , that idea must be structured and tested over and over again through various experiments. the scientific consensus transforms the raw idea into idea that is more reliable through the process of scientific elimination.