(a) Low extracellular pH activates TRPV1 through the binding of H+ ions to TRPV1. Describe
the properties, including the location, of the site of TRPV1 that allow H+
ions to bind. Describe
the specific location in the cell where ATF3 protein is produced.
(b) The pGoG protein is known to block the G1 to S transition in the cell cycle. Explain why
this prevents mitosis from happening in the cell.
(c) Before treating melanoma cells (cancerous cells) with capsaicin, researchers pretreated the
cells with an inhibitor of calcineurin. Predict the effect of this pretreatment on the ability of
capsaicin to induce apoptosis by the pathway shown in Figure 2. Provide reasoning to justify
your prediction.
(d) Researchers claim that many cancers include a mutation in the gene encoding pGog.
Support the researchers claim