Ethanol is to be used as a substrate for single-cell protein production in a chemostat. The available equipment can achieve an oxygen transfer rate of 10 g O2/l of liquid per hour. Assume the kinetics of cell growth on ethanol is of the Monod type, with mm = 0.5 h–1, Ks = 30
mg/l, YX/S = 0.5 cells/g ethanol, and YO2/S = 2 g O2/g EtOH. We wish to operate the chemostat
with an ethanol concentration in the feed of 22 g/L. We also wish to maximize the biomass
productivity and minimize the loss of unused ethanol in the effluent. Determine the required
dilution rate and whether sufficient oxygen can be provided.

affects the water bodies: excessive use of fertilizers causes eutrophication. the fertilizers which are used on plants affect the quality of land on which it is used, further causing erosion of soil. the fertilizers used on plants contain harmful chemical fumes which affect the environment.

c. earths continental crust is thicker than its lithosphere.

because, the lithosphere is the outermost layer of the earth/ 100 km thick and is defined by its machanical properties.the lithosphere contains oceanic and continental crust that varies in age and thickness across locations and geologic time. the lithosphere is the coolest layer of the earth in terms of temperature. the term lithosphere should not be confused with the use of "geosphere" which is used to indicate all of earth systems, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere   and biosphere. the surface of the earth can be divided into the continental crust and the oceanic crust.   the continental crust is made mostly of granite while the oceanic crust is made of basalt. the average thickness of the continental crust is 25 miles and the average thickness of the oceanic crust is 5 miles.   three types of rock, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, make up the surface of the earth. that's why 3 option is preferable.

. ph changes the ability of them he enzyme to dissolve in water.