What does Ivey mean by calling confrontation a supportive challenge

How many trophic levels are there in the following food chain? phytoplankton - shrimp - perch - pike - osprey

This is the diveristy of ecosystems natural communites and habits it is the variety of ways that species interact with each other and their environment

What conclusion can be made based on the temperature of soil when the light hits the soil at 0°, 45°, and 90° angles in section 2 of the experiment? did your results support your hypothesis? why or why not?