Outline four problems that could arise from using defaced bank notes​

Choose a mutation from those in model 2 that would be neutral for a cell. explain your reasoning by relating the mutation to the cellular respiration process.

An easy way to calculate the amount of energy available at each level is to what?

Which is an advantage of having memory cells when a pathogen is encountered for a second time. a) the memory cells are what proliferate into clones of cells in response to the binding of an antigen. b) memory cells are vital to the primary immune response in that they immediately recognize pathogens even at the first encounter. c) memory cells are essentially effector cells that are short lived and attack antigens even without having a receptor specific to that antigen. d) it ensures that more lymphocytes with a receptor specific to a particular antigen will be present than in a host that had never encountered that pathogen.