Rough-skinned newts produce a strong toxin called TTX as a defense mechanism against predators. Garter snakes can tolerate a very limited amount of the toxin. However, several populations of garter snakes have recently shown
an increased tolerance for TTX. The different populations of snakes have independently acquired a gene variation
that allows them to better block the effects of the toxin.

answer: - b cells

explanation: -

so, the b cells mediate their action by identifying the antigens present on the surface of the pathogens and then producing antibodies in return to mediate its effect.

the endomembrane system i think

ans.

dna fingerprinting is defined as a process that determines the dna characteristics of an individual. these dna characteristics are unique among individuals as their fingerprints, so it is known as dna fingerprinting.

steps of dna fingerprinting includes extraction of dna from sample, amplification of dna, restriction digestion of amplified dna, and then analysis of dna by gel electrophoresis, respectively.

thus, the next step performed by the scientist is 'to cut the amplified dna (obtained by polymerase chain reaction) by restriction enzymes that cleave the dna into fragments and their analysis.'