Which of the following characteristics would be found in a climax community that has undergone succession? Energy consumption is efficient.
Environmental fluctuations are common.
Environment is extremely harsh.
Majority of nutrients are lost.

measuring light intensity

light meters can be used to measure light intensity. the meter is held at the soil surface and pointed in the direction of the maximum light intensity, and then the meter is read.

errors can be made when measuring light intensity by accidentally shading the light meter. the reliability of the results can be checked by taking many samples.