What
are the observable effects of earthquake to the surface of the
Earth?
advance thanks​

Some of the observable effects of an earthquake to the surface of the earth are as follows:

- Rapid/moderate shaking of the ground

-Cracking of the ground and shifting it upwards

-Failure of the ground (landslides, lateral spreads, etc)

-Tsunamis (only occurs if the earthquake is near an ocean and is very uncommon)

answer: land bridge theory. land bridge theory held that shifting portions of dry land explained the finding of identical species on different continents. plate tectonic theory eventually eliminated the land bridge theory.