Describe the conditions in the thermosphere

Explanation:

The thermosphere is the layer between the middle and outer layers of the Earth's atmosphere. Ultraviolet rays, especially gamma rays and sun X-rays, cause the ionization of atoms and sodium molecules in this layer. In the process, the gas that makes up it raises its temperature by several hundred degrees, hence the name. The air particles in the hot bulb are very separate. Sometimes the gas particles in this layer carry energy from the sun. The thermosphere is a layer in the Earth's atmosphere (especially the fourth layer) and the gas it contains is ionized (hence the ionosphere), so it reaches a high temperature. In this layer, the temperature rises continuously above 1000oC. It consists of a lot of charged particles.

Temperatures climb sharply in the lower thermosphere (below 200 to 300 km altitude), then level off and hold fairly steady with increasing altitude above that height. Solar activity strongly influences temperature in the thermosphere. The thermosphere is typically about 200° C (360° F) hotter in the daytime than at night, and roughly 500° C (900° F) hotter when the Sun is very active than at other times. Temperatures in the upper thermosphere can range from about 500° C (932° F) to 2,000° C (3,632° F) or higher.

The boundary between the thermosphere and the exosphere above it is called the thermopause. At the bottom of the thermosphere is the mesopause, the boundary between the thermosphere and the mesosphere below.

Although the thermosphere is considered part of Earth's atmosphere, the air density is so low in this layer that most of the thermosphere is what we normally think of as outer space. In fact, the most common definition says that space begins at an altitude of 100 km (62 miles), slightly above the mesopause at the bottom of the thermosphere. The space shuttle and the International Space Station both orbit Earth within the thermosphere!

many phylogenetic trees have a single lineage at the base representing a common ancestor. a lineage that evolved early from the root and remains unbranched is called basal taxon. when two lineages stem from the same branch point, they are called sister taxa.

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