describe some of the ways that non-specific immune responses are used to prevent infection and to speed up healing.

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Explanation:

white blood cells can do  3 things = they engulf the microbe, produce antitoxins, produce antibodies to neutralise microbe

> all cells carry a small protein on their surface called antigens

> every cell has a different shaped antigen

     > also meaning if lets say a virus mutates its antigen will change shape

so there are 2 types of antibodies that help fight pathogens together

1) lymphocytes : recognise antigen and make a complementary antibody to fit the antigen this will neutralise the pathogen ( basically seals the whole pathogen with antibody meaning it cannot reproduce or produce toxins if bacteria) and ALSO THEY MAKE THE PATHOGEN BIND TOGETHER so that the phagocyte can kill more pathogen at once

2) phagocytes : do not produce antibodies. and they identify the antigen and ingest and destroy the pathogen 70% of white blood cells are phagocytes

skin

tears

hydrochloric acid

mucus

cilia

prophase: we can observe the chromosomes to coil up and condense. they become visible. nuclear membrane and envelope disintigrate.s

metaphase: chromosomes align at the center, the metaphase plate. spindle fibers attach to centromeres of the sister chromatids. they meet at kinetochores.

anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled towards each opposing centromere, set on different poles.

telophase: chromosomes are now clustered up only on either sides of the cell. nuclear membranes reform, and a new cell wall forms along the cell plate. this will lead to cytokinesis, the process that divides the cell membrane and forms the cell wall.

it's     c       this is a cell (b) with a nucleus (c) containing dna (a). the dna is organized into chromosomes (d). a section of the chromosome that codes for a trait is called a gene (e).