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d. Ethos

Explanation:

The correct answer is actually D.

Ethos is usually referred to one's credibility when making an argument. It has to do with using one's trustworthy personality to persuade. This is a reason why ethos is employed in advertising a product or brand.

One with a good ethos is usually respected and regarded. Since celebrities like footballers, actors, athletes, etc., have influence and are respected in their societies, therefore advertisers tend to use them in endorsing their products because people love and believe them. So, people end up using those products because a celebrity endorsed it. The celebrities are usually paid for the endorsement.  

a- all cells come from pre-existing cells