Goats can either be polled or horned. The pulled, or no horn, trait (P) is dominant to the horned (p) trait. Another trait in goats are wattles, which are hair covered structures on their necks. Even though most goats do not have wattles, having wattles (W) is dominant to not having wattles (w). A breeder crosses a polled, wattled male goat with a polled, wattled female goat. Some of the offspring have horns and no wattles. Perform a cross of the parental genotypes to find the phenotypic ratios of the offspring.

Pulled and wattled = 9/16

Pulled and no wattle = 3/16

horned and wattled = 3/16

horned and no wattle = 1/16

Explanation:

Pulled = P, Horned = p

Wattled = W, no wattle = w

Polled, wattle goats = P_W_

Since they produced offspring with horns and no wattles (ppww), it means both parents have the recessive allele for each trait. Hence, they are both heterozygotes with PpWw as genotypes.

       PpWw    x    PpWw

Genotypes ratio of the offspring:

P_W_ - 9/16

P_ww - 3/16

ppW_ - 3/16

ppww - 1/16

Phenotype ratio of the offspring:

Pulled and wattled = 9/16

Pulled and no wattle = 3/16

horned and wattled = 3/16

horned and no wattle = 1/16

(See the attached image for the Punnet's square)

cell regulation is conducted by special proteins.