13. Why are insertion and deletion mutations so much more damaging to the final polypeptide structure than substitution mutations? Please help!!

How many copies of each chromosomes should be present in each of the 4 final haploid versions of gamete?

Which geologic feature would most likely be represented by contour lines john far apart from one another? a cliff a hill a plain a valley

How is ribosomal rna useful as a molecular clock? a. a large portion of the dna ring is not vital to structure or function, allowing it to accumulate neutral mutations. b. its rate of mutation increases over time as organisms continue to evolve and differentiate from each other. c. a slow mutation rate makes it useful for determining evolutionary relationships between ancient species. d. it is only found in select organisms, making it easier to compare relationships between species that have it.