Which of the following is most likely an example of signaling through a transmembrane receptor? 1.The influenza virus recognizes specific proteins on the surface of host cells, causing the entrance of genetic
materials into the cytoplasm of the host cells.
2.Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) bind to receptor proteins found on the membrane of receiving cells, triggering
internalization into the receiving cells.
3.The binding of interleukin-6 (IL-6) to the interleukin-6 receptor causes the activation of protein kinases in the
cytoplasm, activating the transcription factor NF-kB.
4.The binding of aldosterone to the aldosterone receptor activates its transcription activity, leading to the trans
genes that promote the uptake of ions and water.

the areas around the equator

interphase

the period of cell growth when the cell synthesizes new molecules and organelles. the cell is not dividing and it constitutes the majority of the time spent in the cell cycle

prophase

changes occur in the nucleus and cytoplasm. the chromatin condenses to form structures (sister chromatids) visible with a light microscope and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleus is still in tact

prometaphase

the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids

metaphase

all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle

anaphase

begins when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell

telophase

the daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell

cytokinesis

the division of a cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. usually occurs during telophase during mitosis. this and mitosis make up to mitotic (m) phase of the cell cycle