Change the following sequence (GGAUUC) to show: a. Substitution
b. Insertion
c. Deletion

Given the sequence of bases of the RNA GGAUUC, the possible mutations would be:

a. Substitution: GGAUUC → GGAAUC

b. Insertion: GGAUUC → GGACCUUC

c. Deletion: GGAUUC → GG_UC

Explanation:

The fragment observed is recognized as RNA, due to the presence of uracil (U). The mutations observed in this fragment are derived from a mutated DNA molecule, which was transcribed into mRNA

Each of these mutations can have an effect on protein synthesis, affecting the structure or function of the final protein.

both anaerobic and aerobic respiration use glucose (or other carbohydrates), proteins and lipids to produce atp and nadh. cell uses those energy molecules, obtained from food and   breaks them down during the chemical reactions of respiration. in anaerobic respiration, nadh is regenerated to nad+ by enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (lactate is produced, e.g. in muscle cells) or by alcohol dehydrogenase where ethanol is produced (alcohol fermentation), while in aerobic respiration, electrons from nadh are deposited in the mitochondria to regenerate nad+ (electron transport chain. anaerobic respiration produces 2 atp per molecule of glucose compared to aerobic respiration where about 38 atp molecules are produced.

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.