How has the artificial manipulation of plasmids been used for technological applications? ?

Plasmids refer to a small molecule of DNA found within a cell that physically gets distinguished from a chromosomal DNA and possesses the tendency to replicate autonomously. The plasmids are generally found in bacterial cells in the form of small circular, double-stranded DNA. The plasmids are used commonly by scientists as the tools to manipulate and clone genes. The plasmids, which are used for these specific objectives are known as vectors.  

The administration of the desired gene from one species to another has become possible with the help of plasmids. Thus, plasmids help in performing genetic modification. The procedure by which genetic makeup of a species is changed is called genetic engineering or genetic modification.  

photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make atp. the glucose is then turned back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. while water is broken down to form oxygen during photosynthesis, in cellular respiration oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water.