The esophagus, a tube that carries food to the stomach, is constantly being scraped as food travels through it. Why does the esophagus not deteriorate through a person’s lifetime? 1. Cells can anabolize the food prior to entering the esophagus.
2. Cells are constantly dividing and replacing old or damaged cells.
3. Cells promote a fluid to build up along the esophagus to reduce friction.
4. Cells build a type of protein called enzymes that act as an armor.

for 8 am not sure maybe yes?

for 9 if it is asking if the male is more or less it would be less

hope i even just a little : )

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.

the answer is c because it is most logical.