How does blocking out the sun with thick dark clouds affect this mechanism that you see in the figure

when the displaced particles are perpendicular to the direction the wave travels, is called a transverse wave, whereas in longitudinal wave the displace practices are parallel to the direction of the wave.

in the given image:

first image shows - longitudinal wave

second image shows - transverse wave

third image shows - longitudinal wave

fourth image shows - longitudinal wave

fumikage isn't really a bird, and tsuyu does have teeth. tsuyu has a transformation quirk which still allows her to be partially human. otherwise we'd have a large frog running around. fumikage has teeth because again, he isn't a bird. his head was a quirk mixture if i'm correct.