Aldosterone is a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that activates the receptor protein to turn on genes that control water and sodium flow in kidney cells. The kidney cells contain receptor cells with mutations. How will this impact the cellular response?

A. The aldosterone signaling molecule will also become mutated.

B. The aldosterone signaling molecule will conform to bind to the receptor cells.

C. The downstream components will be altered and ultimately affect blood volume.

D. The downstream components will function as usual, even if the receptor protein is not activated.

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The correct option is C

Explanation:

Since the receptor cells is mutated, the adrenal gland might (depending on the type of mutation) no longer be able to activate the receptor protein which will affect water and sodium flow in the kidney cells. Thus, the flow of the downstream components (water and sodium) will be altered in the kidney which will ultimately affect the blood's volume.

the answer that best describes the relative refractory period in the neuron is the resting membrane potential is restored, but concentrations of sodium and potassium are not restored to their original state.

the refractory period is the time during which another stimulus given to the neuron will not lead to a second potential. thus, because na+ channels are inactivated during this time, additional depolarizing stimuli do not lead to new action potentials.  

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